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Acne

Implicated in a wide range of conditions and illnesses, hormones also play a role in the development of acne. Androgens, male hormones that are secreted in different amounts by both men and women, play an important role in most cases of acne. Androgens stimulate the hormone-sensitive sebaceous glands, which produce oil, known as sebum. Sebum, in turn, has been called "the fuel that feeds the flame of acne."

Genetics also seem to play a role. There are some families in which severe acne is inherited. Unfortunately, the exact genetic component is not known yet.

If the acne does not respond to home and over-the-counter treatments after two months, it is a good idea to see a dermatologist before the condition produces scarring and/or takes an emotional toll. Dermatologists have numerous prescription medications and procedures available.

Acne is a very common skin problem that shows up as outbreaks of bumps called pimples or zits. These usually appear on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Acne can be a source of emotional distress, and severe cases can lead to permanent scarring.

What Causes Acne?

Acne begins when the pores in the skin become clogged and can no longer drain sebum (an oil made by the sebaceous glands that protects and moisturizes the skin.) The sebum build-up causes the surrounding hair follicle to swell.

Hair follicles swollen with sebum are called comedones. If the sebum stays beneath the skin, the comedones produce white bumps called whiteheads. If the sebum reaches the surface of the skin, the comedones produce darkened bumps called blackheads. This black discoloration is due to sebum darkening when it is exposed to air. It is not due to dirt. Both whiteheads and blackheads may stay in the skin for a long time.

Bacteria called Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) that normally live on the top of the skin can enter the clogged pores and infect the sebum. This causes the skin to become swollen, red, and painful.

Infected sebaceous glands may burst, releasing sebum and bacteria into the surrounding skin, creating additional inflammation. In severe cases, larger nodules and cysts may form in the deeper layers of the skin.

What Are the Different Types of Acne?

Acne can be categorized by its severity:

1. Mild acne describes a few scattered comedones (whiteheads or blackheads) with minimal inflammation (no pustules).
2. Moderate acne describes a denser collection of comedones as well as red, inflamed, pus-filled lesions (pustules).
3. Severe acne, also called nodular or cystic acne, describes widespread and deep lesions that are painful, inflamed, and red. This form of acne is likely to lead to scarring if left untreated.

Who Gets Acne?

Anyone can get acne, but it appears most often in teenagers, whose surging levels of androgen (a type of hormone) create larger and more active sebaceous glands. Acne may continue for people in their twenties and thirties, and even women over forty. Acne also appears more commonly in people whose parents had acne.

What Factors Make Acne Worse?

Acne lesions can come and go. These factors can cause acne to flare:

• Changing hormone levels in women 2 to 7 days before their menstrual period, during pregnancy, or when starting or stopping birth control pills
• Oil from skin products (moisturizers or cosmetics) or grease in the workplace (for example, a kitchen with fry vats)
• Pressure from sports helmets or equipment, backpacks, tight collars, or tight uniforms
• Environmental irritants, such as pollution and high humidity
• Squeezing or picking at blemishes
• Hard scrubbing of the skin

What Are The Treatment Options for Acne?

Almost all cases of acne can be effectively treated. Treatment goals are to heal existing lesions, stop new lesions from forming, and prevent scarring.

Acne treatments aim to control one or more of the underlying causes of acne. For instance, topical retinoids, such as Differin or Retin A Micro, may help unclog sebaceous glands and keep pores open. Antibiotics may be used to fight the P. acnes bacteria. Accutane or hormonal agents, such as birth control pills, may be used to reduce sebum (oil) production.

Before Treatment After Treatment

A. Topical medications (applied to the skin)

Over the counter

• Benzoyl peroxide—This is found in many products including Clearasil and Proactiv. It is a mild antibiotic that kills the P. acnes bacteria. It is available in different concentrations. Higher concentrations are more likely to irritate the skin. It does not unclog blocked pores so is not as helpful for reducing whiteheads and blackheads.
• Sulfur and salicylic acid—These have some mild ability to break down whiteheads and blackheads.

Prescription

• Topical retinoids (Differin, Retin A Micro, Tazorac, tretinoin)—These are among the most effective and commonly used acne medications. Topical retinoids are unique in their ability to unclog swollen pores. They may be used alone for mild acne or combined with other medications for moderate-to-severe acne. They may also be recommended for long-term use, even after the acne is under control, to keep the skin clear.
• Topical antibiotics—Antibiotics applied to the skin, such as clindamycin (Clindagel) and erythromycin, kill theP. acnes bacteria that leads to inflammation.

B. Oral medications (taken by mouth)

• Oral antibiotics—These medications, which include tetracycline, doxycycline (Adoxa, Doryx), and minocycline (Dynacin, Solodyn), act systemically and can reach bacteria in the deep layers of the dermis. They are also used for their anti-inflammatory effects.
• Oral contraceptives (Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Yaz)—For women who experience hormonally triggered acne, birth control pills may be prescribed to reduce sebum production.
• Anti-androgen drugs—Some drugs used for other medical conditions are known to reduce androgen levels, such as spironolactone (Aldactone). These may be used in some cases of acne.
• Isotretinoin (Accutane, Sotret)—Isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment for severe acne or acne that does not respond to other treatments. Isotretinoin treats all causes of acne: excess sebum, clogged pores, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Most patients take the medicine for 15-to-20-week periods that may be repeated if necessary. Treatment requires monthly office visits, monthly lab tests, and strict contraception. It is critical that women of child-bearing age do not get pregnant while taking isotretinoin because of the serious risk of birth defects. The iPledge program was developed to reduce the likelihood of birth defects and other side effects.

Many of these medications have side effects, such as burning, redness, and irritation. With some medicines, such as topical retinoids, these side effects usually decrease or go away after the medicine is used for a period of time. If side effects are severe or don't go away, tell your doctor.

C. Procedures

For persistent lesions that are inflamed or unresponsive to medications, some doctors recommend additional methods, including extraction, light therapy, or corticosteroid injections.

How Will I Choose a Treatment Plan?

Your doctor will recommend a treatment based on these factors:

• Severity of your acne. Mild acne may respond well to a topical retinoid alone. Moderate acne may respond better to a combination of topical retinoid with an antibiotic or other medication. Severe acne with scarring may need treatment with an oral retinoid (Accutane, Sotret).
• Results of previous treatments. Medications may be added in a step-wise fashion, only if previous treatments are found to be ineffective.
• Degree of scarring. More aggressive therapies may be started earlier if acne scars have already started developing.
• Gender. Some treatments are available only for females, such as birth control pills.

Whatever your treatment plan, it is important that you give it enough time to work. This may mean waiting 6 to 8 weeks to see results. While the older acne lesions are healing, the medication is hard at work keeping new lesions from forming. Staying on your medication is the most important step to getting acne under control.

How Can I Keep My Acne Under Control?

After your acne clears, your doctor may recommend that you continue therapy with a topical retinoid to keep it under control. It is always a good idea to maintain good skin care and use skin care products labeled as “non-comedogenic” (do not promote acne)

What About Self Care and Prevention?

For ongoing self-care and prevention of acne, follow a few simple guidelines:

• Clean skin gently—Use a mild skin cleanser twice a day, and pat skin dry. Harsh cleansers and astringents can actually worsen acne.
• Do not pop, squeeze, or pick at acne lesions, as this can promote inflammation and infection. Keep hands away from your face and other acne-prone parts of the skin.
• Limit sun exposure—Tanning only masks acne at best. At worst, sun exposure can lead to skin damage, especially if you are using an acne treatment that makes your skin more sensitive to sunlight and UV rays (this includes tanning booths).
• Choose cosmetics with care—As mentioned above, choose non-greasy skin products, and look for words like “non-comedogenic”, “oil-free”, and “water-based”. Some facial products contain active acne-fighting ingredients, such as benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, to help keep mild acne at bay.
• Be patient with your treatment—Find out how much time it should take for your acne treatment to work (generally 6-8 weeks) and then stick with it. Stopping treatment early may prevent you from seeing good results or even cause a relapse of symptoms. Your skin may look worse before it begins to improve. You may need to try more than one type of treatment.

Cleansing

Acne has nothing to do with not washing your face. However, it is best to wash your face with a mild cleanser and warm water daily. Washing too often or too vigorously may actually make your acne worse.

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Cosmetics

Wear as little cosmetics as possible. Oil-free, water-based moisturizers and make-up should be used. Choose products that are "non-comedogenic" (should not cause whiteheads or blackheads) or "non-acnegenic" (should not cause acne). Remove your cosmetics every night with mild soap or gentle cleanser and water.

A flesh-tinted acne lotion containing acne medications can safely hide blemishes. Loose powder in combination with an oil-free foundation is also good for cover-up.
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Treatment

Control of acne is an ongoing process. All acne treatments work by preventing new acne breakouts. Existing blemishes must heal on their own, and therefore, improvement takes time. If your acne has not improved within two to three months, your treatment may need to be changed. The treatment your dermatologist recommends will vary according to the type of acne.

Occasionally, an acne-like rash can be due to another cause such as make-up or lotions, or from oral medication. It is important to help your dermatologist by providing an updated history of what you are using on your skin or taking internally.
Many non-prescription acne lotions and creams help mild cases of acne. However, many will also make your skin dry. Follow instructions carefully.

Topicals

• Your dermatologist may prescribe topical creams, gels, or lotions with vitamin A acid-like drugs, benzoyl peroxide, or antibiotics to help unblock the pores and reduce bacteria. These products may cause some drying and peeling. Your dermatologist will advise you about correct usage and how to handle side effects.
• Before starting any medication, even topical medications, inform your doctor if you are pregnant or nursing, or if you are trying to get pregnant.

Special Treatments

• Acne surgery may be used by your dermatologist to remove blackheads and whiteheads. Do not pick, scratch, pop, or squeeze pimples yourself. When the pimples are squeezed, more redness, swelling, inflammation, and scarring may result.
• Microdermabrasion may be used to remove the upper layers of the skin improving irregularities in the surface, contour, and generating new skin.
• Light chemical peels with salicylic acid or glycolic acid help to unblock the pores, open the blackheads and whiteheads, and stimulate new skin growth.
  
• Injections of corticosteroids may be used for treating large red bumps (nodules). This may help them go away quickly.

Oral

• Antibiotics taken by mouth such as tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, or erythromycin are often prescribed.

Birth Control Pills

• Birth control pills may significantly improve acne, and may be used specifically for the treatment of acne. It is also important to know that oral antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. This is uncommon, but possible, especially if you notice break-through bleeding. As a precautionary measure use a second form of birth control.

Other Treatments

• In cases of unresponsive or severe acne, isotretinoin may be used. Patients using isotretinoin must understand the side effects of this drug. Monitoring with frequent follow-up visits is necessary. Pregnancy must be prevented while taking the medication, since the drug causes birth defects.
  
• Women may also use female hormones or medications that decrease the effects of male hormones to help their acne.
  
• Photodynamic therapy using the blue wavelength of light can be helpful in treating acne as well.

Your dermatologist will evaluate you and suggest the appropriate treatment regimes considering your age, sex, and the type of acne you have.

Treatment of Acne Scarring

The dermatologist can treat acne scars by a variety of methods. Skin resurfacing with laser, dermabrasion, chemical peels, or electrosurgery can flatten depressed scars. Soft tissue elevation with collagen or fat-filling products can elevate scars. Scar revision with a microexcision and the punch grafting technique can correct pitted scars, and combinations of these dermatologic surgical treatments can make noticeable differences in appearance.

Proper Care is Necessary

No matter what special treatments your dermatologist may use, remember that you must continue proper skin care. Acne is not curable, but it is controllable; proper treatment helps you to feel and look better and may prevent scars.
To learn more about acne and acne treatments please consult with Dr. Rothfeld at NYC Acne Treatment Center of New York, NY.

Retinoic acids.
Available as creams and lotions, these vitamin A acids can help unblock pores and reduce the skin's bacteria.

Topical antibacterials or antibiotics.
These creams and lotions can help reduce acne inflammation and skin bacteria.

Oral antibiotics.
Though not usually the first course of treatment, oral antibiotics such as tetracycline are often used to help reduce the inflammation of acne.

Birth control pills.
Women who use oral contraceptives may notice that their acne improves significantly. In fact, the FDA has approved one birth control pill specifically for acne treatment.

Isotretinoin.
For severe acne that does not respond to other treatments, your dermatologist may prescribe isotretinoin. This medication must be used with care, however, since it can cause birth defects.

Surgery.
It is never a good idea to remove blackheads or whiteheads (both called comedones) or pimples on your own. A dermatologist has the proper equipment to extract them without leaving scars.

Millions of people suffer the ravages of acne scars long after adolescence has passed and the acne condition has faded. Acne in its most severe form can leave sufferers with deep permanent scars. Acne typically results in two types of scars - "icepick," or pitting scars, and "depressed," crater-like scars.

Treating Scars
Thanks to the refinement of a number of dermatologic surgical techniques, acne scars can be treated with a variety of safe, effective procedures that improve the appearance of a patient's skin and boost the patient's self-esteem. Dr. Rothfeld, a dermatologic surgeon will choose the technique or combination of treatment approaches based upon the nature of the scarring. The following are common techniques and procedures used to improve acne scarring:

Dermabrasion The dermatologic surgeon freezes the patient's skin or uses tumescent anesthesia and then removes or "abrades" the skin with a rotary instrument. The skin undergoes a "remodeling" process as it heals, resulting in a smoother and fresher appearance.

Excision and Punch Replacement Graft A depressed acne scar is surgically removed, and a patch of skin from elsewhere on the patient's body.

Soft Tissue Fillers Bovine collagen, collagen-related fillers, polymer implants or a patient's own fat (taken from another part of the body) is injected in small quantities below the surface of the skin to elevate depressed scars.

Laser Therapy By delivering short pulses of the laser beam, the dermatologic surgeon can smooth, sculpt and normalize the appearance of acne scars. The ultrapulsed carbon dioxide laser, the erbium YAG laser and the pulsed dye yellow light laser are most commonly used for treating acne scarring.

Chemical Peeling By applying a chemical solution to the skin, mild scarring and certain types of acne may be treated. The procedure enables new, regenerated skin to appear, improving the appearance of the condition. Chemical Chemical peels have been a mainstay of Dermatology for decades. Chemical peels work by ungluing the top layer of damaged skin and discolored skin so it can peel away and reveal the fresh new skin beneath. Come into Dr. Rothfelds' office to discuss the different type of chemical peels that would be appropriate for you.

Chemical peeling uses a chemical solution to improve the skin's appearance. It can reduce or eliminate fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth, correct uneven skin pigmentation, remove precancerous skin growths, and soften acne or treat scars caused by acne. The procedure can also treat wrinkles caused by sun damage and scarring, as well as skin blemishes common with age and heredity. Chemical peels can be performed on the face, neck, chest, hands, arms, and legs.

Possible complications associated with chemical peels may include but are not limited to the following:

• change in skin tone color
  For certain skin types, there is a risk of developing a temporary or permanent skin color change. Taking birth control pills, being pregnant, or having a family history of brownish discoloration on the face may increase the possibility of developing the abnormal pigmentation.
• scarring
  Chemical peels can cause scarring. However, if scarring occurs, it can usually be treated effectively.
• cold sores and fever blisters
  Those who are susceptible to cold sores, or herpes simplex infections, may have a reactivation of cold sores or fever blisters following a chemical peel.

A chemical peel is most commonly performed for cosmetic reasons to enhance appearance and self-confidence and may be performed in conjunction with a facelift. However, a chemical peel is not a substitute for a facelift and does not prevent or slow the aging process.

Chemical Peels

Phenol, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and alphahydroxy acids (AHAs) are used for chemical peels. The precise formula used may be adjusted for each patient.

• alphahydroxy acids (AHAs)
  Alphahydroxy acids (AHAs) such as glycolic, lactic, or fruit acids are the mildest of the peel formulas and produce light peels that can often provide smoother, brighter-looking skin. AHA peels may be used to accomplish the following:
  
  
  • reduce fine wrinkling
  • treat areas of dryness
  • reduce uneven pigmentation
  • aid in control of acne
  • smooth rough, dry skin
  • improve texture of sun-damaged skin
  AHA peels may cause the following:
  
  
  • stinging
  • redness
  • irritation
  • crusting, flaking, or scaling
  • dryness

  Generally, no anesthesia is needed for AHA peels since they cause only a slight stinging sensation during application.

  Protecting skin from the sun is important following AHA peels.

• trichloracetic acid (TCA)
  Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be used in many concentrations and is used to accomplish the following:
  
  
  • smooth fine surface wrinkles
  • remove superficial blemishes
  • correct pigment problems

TCA can be used on the neck or other body areas, and may require pretreatment with Retin-A or AHA creams. This procedure is preferable for darker-skinned patients.

Anesthesia is not usually required for TCA peels because the chemical solution acts as an anesthetic. Although, sedation may be used before and during the procedure to help the patient relax. Two or more TCA peels may be needed over several months to obtain the desired result, although mild TCA peels may be repeated more frequently.

The results of a TCA peel are usually less dramatic than and not as long-lasting as those of a phenol peel. More than one TCA peel may be needed to achieve the desired result.

TCA-peel patients are advised to avoid sun exposure for several months. The procedure also may produce some unintended color changes in the skin.

• phenol
  Phenol is the strongest of the chemical solutions and produces a deep peel. A phenol peel is mainly used to accomplish the following:
  
  
  • correct blotches caused by sun exposure, birth control pills, or aging
  • smooth out coarse wrinkles
  • remove precancerous growths
  Phenol:
  
  
  • should be used on the face only, as scarring may result if used on the neck or other body areas.
  • is not recommended for darker-skinned individuals.
  • may pose risk for patients with heart problems.
  • may permanently remove facial freckles.
  • may cause permanent skin lightening.
  • may leave lines of demarcation.

  Recovery may be slow and complete healing may take several months.

  After a phenol peel, new skin may lose its ability to produce pigment. The skin will be lighter and will always have to be protected from the sun.

About the procedure:

The procedure involves a chemical solution that is applied to the skin. The solution causes a layer of skin to separate and peel off. The new, regenerated skin underneath is usually smoother, less wrinkled, and more even in color than the old skin